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href="/xiaoziyan/">XiaoZiYan</a></span><div id="menus"><div class="menus_items"><div class="menus_item"><a class="site-page" href="/xiaoziyan/"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-home"></i><span> 首页</span></a></div><div class="menus_item"><a class="site-page" href="/xiaoziyan/archives/"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-archive"></i><span> 归档</span></a></div><div class="menus_item"><a class="site-page" href="/xiaoziyan/tags/"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-tags"></i><span> 标签</span></a></div><div class="menus_item"><a class="site-page" href="/xiaoziyan/categories/"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-folder-open"></i><span> 分类</span></a></div><div class="menus_item"><a class="site-page" href="javascript:void(0);"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-list"></i><span> 多媒体</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down expand"></i></a><ul class="menus_item_child"><li><a class="site-page child" href="/xiaoziyan/music/"><i class="fa-fw fas fa-music"></i><span> 音乐</span></a></li><li><a class="site-page child" href="/xiaoziyan/movies/"><i class="fa-fw fas 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2022-11-03 18:54:18">2022-11-03</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/xiaoziyan/categories/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">学习</a><i class="fas fa-angle-right post-meta-separator"></i><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/xiaoziyan/categories/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/Internet%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90/">Internet协议分析</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="Internet协议分析——协议分析工具"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><div align='center' ><font size='50'><strong>协议分析工具</strong></font></div>

<p>学习TCP/IP协议工作原理，需要借助有效的学习工具，这样才能够更准确全面地掌握协议数据单元的构成和协议工作过程，达到事半功倍的效果。</p>
<p>同时，通过学习掌握各种协议分析工具的用法，还能够为网络工程实践奠定基础。</p>
<p>本章介绍的几款网络学习和分析工具，能够满足学习者在不同学习阶段学习掌握网络协议的需要。除Cisco Packet Tracer主要用于学习外，其他几款工具软件在网络工程、科研领域也为工程技术人员在实际应用中普遍使用。</p>
<p>本章着重介绍<strong>Wireshark、Cisco Packet Tracer和GNS3</strong>的用法，对Sniffer pro和科来网络分析系统只做简单介绍。</p>
<h3 id="协议分析"><a href="#协议分析" class="headerlink" title="协议分析"></a>协议分析</h3><ul>
<li><p>协议分析也叫网络分析，是指通过捕获在网络通信系统中传送的数据，搜集网络统计信息，将数据包解码为可以阅读的形式的过程。</p>
</li>
<li><p>要完整准确地捕获网络通信信息，通常需要借助专门设计的软件工具——协议分析器并安装到网络中特定的位置上以获取网络通信信息。</p>
</li>
<li><p>本质上协议分析器是在窃听网络通信。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="协议分析工具的原理"><a href="#协议分析工具的原理" class="headerlink" title="协议分析工具的原理"></a>协议分析工具的原理</h3><ul>
<li><p>数据包嗅探器或分组捕获器：观察正在运行的协议实体间交换报文，包括计算机发送和接收的报文</p>
</li>
<li><p>网络嗅探工具通常用来进行协议分析和网络监控，以便于进行故障诊断、性能分析和安全分析等，黑客则用之进行安全敏感信息的监听和截取。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://xiaoziyan.top/images/image-20211125094814662.png"></p>
<p><strong>嗅探器主要有两部分组成：</strong><code>分组捕获器</code>和<code>分组分析器</code>。</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>分组捕获器需要把网卡设置为“混杂模式”</strong>（Promiscuous Mode Operation），这样当数据包从嗅探器所连接的网卡上进入系统时，嗅探程序可以接收到整个以太网内的网络数据信息，包括所有的广播、组播和单播数据包，甚至错误的数据包，从而实现数据包捕获。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>分组分析器的作用</strong>是分析协议报文并把报文中所有字段的内容直观地显示出来。<strong>其主要构成通常包括一个包过滤器、数据包缓冲区和解码部分</strong>。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>包过滤器用</strong>以设定协议分析器想要捕获的数据包的类型，可以设定过滤条件得到特定的分析数据。</p>
<p><strong>解码部分</strong>主要是将缓冲区中已经捕获到的数据包解析为用户可读的协议数据单元格式以方便用户进行分析。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="协议分析器的主要用途"><a href="#协议分析器的主要用途" class="headerlink" title="协议分析器的主要用途"></a>协议分析器的主要用途</h3><ul>
<li><p><strong>协议分析器通常用于诊断网络出现故障。</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如，一个UDP通信的客户端不能连接到指定的服务器上，协议分析器就可以用于捕获并查看它们之间通信的内容以揭示客户端解析IP地址的过程，定位本地路由器的硬件地址，提交给服务器的UDP数据包以及服务器的处理响应信息，从而判断出问题所在。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><strong>协议分析器也可以用来测试网络</strong>。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> 通常测试可以采用两种方式来进行：一种是主动向网络中发送数据包来测试，另一种是通过侦听不同寻常的通信这种被动方式来测试。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如，如果防火墙被配置为阻塞特定类型的流量进入本地网络，那么协议分析器既可以配置为向防火墙发送测试数据包来检测某些不可达流量是否会被防火墙转发，也可以从防火墙后侦听流量，确定不可达流量是否被转发。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><strong>协议分析器还可以用于搜集网络性能的趋势数据</strong>。</li>
</ul>
<p>1、多数协议分析器都有能力跟踪网络流量的短期和长期趋势，这些趋势包括网络利用率、每秒钟数据包的速率、数据包长度分布以及在用的协议等等。</p>
<p>2、网络管理员能够利用这些信息跟踪网络随时间发生的细微变化。</p>
<h3 id="Cisco-Packet-Tracer"><a href="#Cisco-Packet-Tracer" class="headerlink" title="Cisco Packet Tracer"></a>Cisco Packet Tracer</h3><p><strong>Packet Tracer</strong>是Cisco公司针对其CCNA（思科认证网络工程师，Cisco Certified Network Associate）认证为思科网络技术学院开发的一个用来<strong>设计、配置网络和故障排除的模拟软件</strong>。</p>
<p><strong>Packet</strong> <strong>Tracer是一款非常适合初学网络者使用的工具</strong>，它不仅能够简便快速地构建出网络实验环境，而且其模拟工作方式还能够为学习者提供网络各层数据的构成和传输情况、各种帧或分组的处理过程。</p>
<p><img src="http://xiaoziyan.top/images/image-20211125095254951.png"></p>
<h3 id="Wireshark"><a href="#Wireshark" class="headerlink" title="Wireshark"></a>Wireshark</h3><p><img src="http://xiaoziyan.top/images/image-20211125095318556.png"></p>
<p>最简单的过滤器形式是只查看某种类型的协议，这时**在Wireshark工作主界面中Filter后的输入位置直接输入协议的类型名称，例如：ICMP</p>
<p>如果对数据包有更加精细的筛选要求，这时可以使用下面的操作符来构造显示过滤器：<br>    <strong>eq 或 == 等于<br>   ne 或 != 不等于<br>   gt 或 &gt; 大于<br>   lt 或 &lt; 小于<br>   ge 或 &gt;=  大于等于<br>   le 或 &lt;=  小于等于</strong> </p>
<p>•例如：<br> <strong>ip.addr==172.16.10.2</strong>  （筛选出通信地址包含IP地址为172.16.10.2的包）<br>  <strong>ip.addr!=172.16.10.2</strong> （过滤掉源IP地址为172.16.10.2的 包）<br>  <strong>frame.cap_len&gt;60</strong> （筛选出帧长大于60字节的包）<br>  <strong>frame.cap_len&lt;60**   （筛选出帧长小于60字节的包）<br>  **tcp.len&gt;=60</strong>（筛选出TCP段的数据长大于或等于 60字节的包）</p>
<p><strong>tcp.len&lt;=1</strong> （筛选出TCP段的数据长小于或等于1字节的包）</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>注意：过滤表达式ip.addr!=172.16.10.2并不表示排除通信地址包含172.16.10.2的包。</strong></li>
</ul>
<p> 因为这个表达式被解读为：“该包包含的IP字段值必须不为172.16.10.2”，因为一个IP数据报同时含有源地址和目标地址，只要两个地址有一个不为172.16.10.2就为真，通常是先判断第一个地址即源地址，从而无法过滤到目标地址。</p>
<p>如果想实现过滤掉通信地址包含172.16.10.2的包的功能，<strong>应当写作：!(ip.addr==172.106.10.2）</strong>。</p>
<ul>
<li>也可以使用下面的逻辑操作符将表达式组合起来：<br>   <strong>and 或</strong>    <strong>&amp;&amp;</strong> <strong>逻辑****与<br>   or 或</strong>    <strong>|| 逻辑****或<br>   xor 或</strong>    <strong>^^ 异****或<br>   !</strong>  <strong>逻辑****非</strong> </li>
</ul>
<p>例如：</p>
<p><strong>ip.addr==172.16.10.2 and tcp.flag.fin</strong></p>
<p>(筛选出包含IP地址172.16.10.2且有TCP连接结束FIN标志的包)<br> <strong>ip.addr==172.16.10.2 or ip.addr==172.16.10.1</strong> </p>
<p>(筛选出包含IP地址172.16.10.2或172.16.10.1的包)</p>
<p> <strong>!llc</strong>       （筛选没有使用LLC协议的包）</p>
<h3 id="GNS3"><a href="#GNS3" class="headerlink" title="GNS3"></a>GNS3</h3><ul>
<li><p><strong>GNS3是一种可以仿真复杂网络的图形化网络模拟器</strong>，它能够提供一种类似虚拟机软件一样的高仿真网络环境，可以用于模拟较复杂的网络环境。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>但GNS3对运行系统资源占用较大，需要较高的机器配置才能流畅运行</strong>。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>GNS3主要是在计算机中运行Cisco的IOS（Internet Operating Systems）</strong>，通过Dynamips仿真IOS的核心程序，进一步在Dynamips之上运行Dynagen。GNS3其实是Dynagen的图形化前端环境工具软件。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>GNS3允许在Windows、Linux系统上仿真IOS</strong>，其支持的路由器平台、防火墙平台（PIX）的类型非常丰富。</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过在路由器插槽中配置上EtherSwitch卡，也可以仿真该卡所支持的交换机平台。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>在GNS3中，所运行的是实际的IOS，能够使用IOS所支持的所有命令和参数，观察到的路由器行为和输出界面都和真实设备几乎完全一样</strong>。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>GNS3是一种开源软件，不用付费就可使用。其官方网站为<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.gns3.net/">http://www.gns3.net</a></strong>，在这里可以下载到GNS3的安装所需要的各个程序。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Cisco****的IOS的使用需要符合Cisco的版权规定</strong>，因此，GNS3安装程序中不包含IOS映像文件，需要单独获取。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://xiaoziyan.top/images/image-20211125095726904.png"></p>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">XiaoZiYan</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baidu.com">https://baidu.com</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://xiaoziyanxiaoludan.gitee.io/xiaoziyan" target="_blank">XiaoZiYan</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/xiaoziyan/tags/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">学习</a><a class="post-meta__tags" 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title="C51单片机学习——流水灯"><img class="cover" src="http://xiaoziyan.top/images/adb7f9eca04e6f962fe5f3e4a54d1d12.jpeg" alt="cover"><div class="content is-center"><div class="date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i> 2019-10-06</div><div class="title">C51单片机学习——流水灯</div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="aside-content" id="aside-content"><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span></div><div class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">协议分析</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">协议分析工具的原理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">协议分析器的主要用途</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Cisco-Packet-Tracer"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">Cisco Packet Tracer</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Wireshark"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">Wireshark</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#GNS3"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">GNS3</span></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="footer"><div id="footer-wrap"><div class="copyright">&copy;2020 - 2022 By XiaoZiYan</div><div class="framework-info"><span>框架 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://hexo.io">Hexo</a><span class="footer-separator">|</span><span>主题 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" 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